Analysis of body composition and physical fitness of futsal players at school age according to their level of physical activity, diet and body image
Keywords:
Physical exercise; Nutrition; Self-concept; Body satisfaction.Abstract
Objectives: Childhood and adolescence are stages in which changes occur both mentally and at a body level and in which habits are acquired that persist for many years in the child's life. The objective of the present study was to analyze body composition and physical fitness based on the practice of physical activity, diet and body image of soccer players at school age.
Methods: The sample consisted of 41 players of Alcantarilla football with an average age of 13.12 ± 2.41 years. The following variables of body composition were evaluated: waist / hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), total body water (TBW), basal metabolic rate (BMR), fat mass index (FMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI). The physical fitness variables evaluated were: staircase test, resting heart rate (HR), diastolic blood pressure (SBP) and systolic blood pressure (DBP), Course Navette (CN; stage, distance, speed), VO2max, HRmax, HR 1.5, 3 and 5 min post-CN, maximum oxygen saturation (SO2max), SO2 3 and 5 min post-CN. The diet was evaluated using the KIDMED Mediterranean diet adherence questionnaire. Physical activity was assessed using the PACE questionnaire. The body image was analyzed using the Stunkard silhouettes.
Findings: The results showed that both the basal metabolic rate (p = 0.002) and the resting systolic blood pressure (p = 0.000) were significantly higher in active subjects than in inactive subjects. Regarding diet, BMI was significantly lower in subjects with a poor diet (p = 0.06) in comparison to subjects with an optimal diet. Finally, according to the body image, the Course Navette result was significantly higher in those who wanted to be larger than in those who were satisfied or wished to lose weight.
Conclusions: Therefore, it is recommended to carry out intervention programs to improve the level of physical activity, diet and body image, as this will have a positive effect on body composition and physical fitness.
Downloads
References
Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Castillo MJ. Actividad física, condición física y sobrepeso en niños y adolescentes: Evidencia procedente de estudios epidemiológicos. Endocrinol Nutr. 2013;60:458–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endonu.2012.10.006
Sánchez Arenas JJ, Ruiz Martínez AO. Relationship between self-esteem and body image in children with obesity. Rev Mex de trastor aliment. 2015;6(1):38–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmta.2015.05.006
Hassink S. Obesidad infantil. Prevención, intervenciones y tratamiento en atención primaria. Madrid:Médica Panamericana; 2007.
Latzer Y, Stein D. A review of the psychological and familial perspective of childhood obesity. J Eat Disord. 2013;1(7):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/2050-2974-1-7
Puhl RM, Latner JD. El estigma, la obesidad y la salud de los niños de la nación. Boletín psicológico. 2007;133(4):557.
Salazar Z. Adolescencia e imagen corporal en la época de la delgadez. Reflexiones. 2008;87(2):67-80.
De Gracia M, Marcó M, Trujano P. Factores asociados a la conducta alimentaria en preadolescentes. Psicothema. 2007;19(4).
Gómez-Mármol A, De la Cruz E. Diferencias de género y de nivel académico en la utilidad percibida de la educación física escolar. J Sport Health Sci. 2013;5(2):193-202.
Ramos P, Pérez de Eulate L, Liberal S, Latorre M. La imagen corporal en relación con los TCA en adolescentes vascos de 12 a 18 años. Rev. de Psicodidáctica. 2003;(16):1-9.
Shavelton RJ, Hubner JJ, Stanton GC. Self-concept: Validation of construct interpretations. Rev. Educ. Res. 1976;46(3):407-441. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543046003407
Bandura A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, New York: Prentice-Hall; 1986. 341-342 p. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1987.4306538
Ricciardelli LA, McCabe MP. Children's body image concerns and eating disturbance: a review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2001;21(3):325-344.
Organización Mundial de la Salud [Internet]. Ginebra: OMS; 2003 [cited 2019 Sept 10]. El estado físico: Uso e interpretación de la antropometría. Available from: https://www.who.int/childgrowth/publications/physical_status/es/
Pedro TM, Micklesfield LK, Kahn K, Tollman SM, Pettifor JM, Norris SA. Body Image Satisfaction, Eating Attitudes and Perceptions of Female Body Silhouettes in Rural South African Adolescents. Plos One 2016;11(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154784
Trejo Ortiz PM, Castro Veloz D, Facio Solís A, Mollinedo Montano FE, Valdez Esparza G. Insatisfacción con la imagen corporal asociada al Índice de Masa Corporal en adolescentes. Rev Cubana Enferm. 2010;26(3):150-160. https://doi.org/10.4321/s1132-12962011000100003
Cerón JC. Particularidades del desarrollo físico de escolares manizalitas durante el periodo de la maduración sexual. Educación física y deporte. 1985;7(1-2):37-41.
Jiménez Perdomo CR, Molina Villada LA. Estudio comparativo de la composición corporal y el somatotipo entre jugadores de fútbol sala universitario y profesional de la región suroccidente de Colombia. Trabajo Fin de Grado. Universidad del Valle; 2012.
García M, Campo J, Abella C. El Talento Deportivo: Formación De Élites Deportivas. Madrid: Gymnos; 2003.
Canda A, López-Silvarrey FJ, Legido JC. Valoración morfológica II: resultados e interpretación. En Segovia J, López-Silvarrey FJ, Legido JC, editors. De valoración funcional. Madrid: Elsevier; 2007. p.183-198.
Kull M. The relationships between physical activity, health status and psychological well-being of fertility aged women. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 2002;12:241-247. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2002.00341.x
Goñi A, Ruiz de Azúa S, Rodríguez A. Deporte y autoconcepto físico en la preadolescencia. Apunts. Educación Física y Deportes 2004;77:18-24.
Dosil J, Díaz O. Valoración de la conducta alimentaria y de control del peso en practicantes de aeróbic. Rev Psicol Deporte. 2002;11(2):183-195.
Escalante Y. Actividad física, ejercicio físico y condición física en el ámbito de la salud pública. Rev Esp Salud Public. 2011;85(4):325–328. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1135-57272011000400001
Organización Mundial de la Salud [Internet]. Ginebra: OMS; 2010 [cited 2019 Sept 10]. Recomendaciones mundiales sobre actividad física para la salud. Available from: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_recommendations/es/
Delgado-Floody P, Caamaño F, Osorio A, Jerez D, Fuentes J, Levin E, Tapia J. Imagen corporal y autoestima en niños según su estado nutricional y frecuencia de actividad física. Rev Chil Nutr. 2017;44(1):2-2.
Weiss MR, Mcauley E, Ebbeck V, Wiese DM. Self-esteem and causal attributions for children’s physical and social competence in sport. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 1990;12:21-36. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.12.1.21
García-Artero E, Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Mesa, JL, Delgado M, González-Gross M, García-Fuentes M, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Gutiérrez A, Castillo MJ. El perfil lipídico-metabólico en los adolescentes está más influido por la condición física que por la actividad física (estudio AVENA). Rev Esp Cardiol. 2007;60(6):581-588. https://doi.org/10.1157/13107114
Martins CL, Silva F, Gaya AR, Aires L, Ribeiro JC, Mota J. Cardiorespiratory fitness, fatness, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adolescents from Porto. Eur J Sport Sci. 2010;10(2):121-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390903307842
Fox KR, Corbin CB. The physical self-perception profile: development and preliminary validation. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 1989;11:408-430. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.11.4.408
Moreno JA, Cervelló E, Moreno R. Importancia de la práctica físico-deportiva y del género en el autoconcepto físico de los 9 a los 23 años. Int J Clin Hlth Psyc. 2008;8(1):171-183.
Molero D, Ortega F, Caliente I, Zagalaz ML. Estudio comparativo del autoconcepto físico en adolescentes en función del género y del nivel de actividad físico-deportiva. Retos. 2010;17:38-41.
Moreno JA, Cervelló E. Physical self-perception in Spanish adolescents: effects of gender and involvent in physical activity. J. Hum. Mov. Stud. 2005;48:291-31.
Esnaola I. Alimentación, autoconcepto e imagen corporal. Revista de psicología social. 2007;22(2):149-163. https://doi.org/10.1174/021347407780705410
Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D, French S. Individual and environmental influences on adolescent eating behaviors. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102(3):S40-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90421-9
Cusatis DC, Shannon BM. Influences on adolescent eating behavior. J Adolesc Health. 1996;18(1):27-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/1054-139X(95)00125-C
Saldaña C, Tomás I. Importancia de la alimentación en la obesidad. Anuario de Psicología. 1999;30(2):117-130.
Mattes RD, Rothacker D. Beverage viscosity is inversely related to postprandial hunger in humans. Physiology & Behavior. 2001;74(4-5):551-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00597-2
Barbero JC. Desarrollo de un sistema fotogramétrico y su sincronización de los registros de frecuencia cardiaca para el análisis de la competición en los deportes de equipo. Una aplicación práctica en fútbol sala. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Granada; 2002.
García Jiménez JV, Yuste Lucas JL, García Pellicer JJ. Fluid intake and dehydration in professional indoor football players depending on the specific position on the field. Apunts. Medicina de l'Esport. 2010;45(166):69-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apunts.2010.02.002
Bouzas JC. Estudio comparativo de diferentes procedimientos de hidratación durante un ejercicio de larga duración. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Murcia; 2000.
Bar-Or O, Dotan R, Inbar O, Rotshtein A, Zonder H. Voluntary hypohydration in 10 to 12 year old boys. J Appl Physiol. 1980;48:104–108. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1980.48.1.104
Kriemler S, Wilk B, Schurer W, Wilson WM, Bar-Or O. Preventing dehydration in children with cystic fibrosis who exercise in the heat. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(6):774–779. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199906000-00003
Campos MM, Gómez J. Educación para la alimentación. En Gallego JL, Fernández de Haro E, editors. Enciclopedia de Educación Infantil: volumen II. Málaga: Aljibe; p. 467-482.
Miller M. Diet and psychological health: a multiple case study [dissertation]. ProQuest Information & Learning; 1996.
Morris MC, Evans DA, Tangney CC, Bienias JL, Wilson RS. Associations of vegetable and fruit consumption with age-related cognitive change. Neurology. 2006; 67(8):1370-1376. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000240224.38978.d8
Ruiz de Azúa SR, Rodríguez A, Goñi A. Variables socioculturales en la construcción del autoconcepto físico. Cultura y Educación. 2005;17(3):225-238. https://doi.org/10.1174/113564005774462582
Nowak M. The weight-conscious adolescent: body image, food intake, and weight related behavior. J Adolesc Health. 1998;23(6):389-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(97)00263-2
Faison-Hodge J, Porretta DL. Physical activity levels of students with mental retardation and students without disabilities. APAQ. 2004;21(2):139-152. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.21.2.139
Martínez-Gómez D, Martínez-De-Haro V, Del-Campo J, Zapatera B, Welk GJ, Villagra A, Marcosa A, Veiga OL. Validez de cuatro cuestionarios para valorar la actividad física en adolescentes españoles. Gaceta Sanitaria. 2009;23(6):512–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2009.02.013
Prochaska JJ, Sallis JF, Long B. A physical activity screening measure for use with adolescents in primary care. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155(5):554-559. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.155.5.554
Serra Majem L, Ribas Barba L, Ngo de la Cruz J, Ortega Anta RM, Pérez Rodrigo C, Aranceta Bartrina J. Alimentación, jóvenes y dieta mediterránea en España. Desarrollo del KIDMED, índice de calidad de la dieta mediterránea en la infancia y la adolescencia. En: Serra Majem L, Aranceta Bartrina J, editors. Alimentación infantil y juvenil. Masson; 2004. p. 51-59.
Stunkard, AJ, Sorenson T, Schulsinger F. Use of the Danish adoption register for the study of obesity and thinness. In Kety SS, Rowland LP, Sidman RL, Matthysse SW, editors. Genetics of neurological and psychiatric disorders. New York: Raven Press; 1983. p. 115- 120.
Stergiou GS, Tzamouranis D, Nasothimiou EG, Protogerou, AD. Can an electronic device with a single cuff be accurate in a wide range of arm size? Validation of the Visomat Comfort 20/40 device for home blood pressure monitoring. J. Hum. Hypertens. 2008; 22:796-800. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2008.70
ESH Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. European Society of Hypertension guidelines for blood pressure monitoring at home: a summary report of the Second International Consensus Conference on Home Blood Pressure Monitoring. J Hypertens. 2008;26(8):1505-1526.
Gutiérrez Sáinz A, Castillo Garzón MJ, Cuenca García M, Soriano Maldonado A, Romero Gallardo L. Cuaderno de Prácticas Fisiología de la Actividad Física. Facultad de Medicina: Universidad de Granada; 2011.
Mohamed K. Aplicación práctica de una batería de test físicos en clases de educación física. Revista Conecta2. 2013;7(3):186-213.
García GC, Secchi JD. Test course navette de 20 metros con etapas de un minuto. Una idea original que perdura hace 30 años. Apunts. Medicina de l'Esport. 2014;49(183):93-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apunts.2014.06.001
Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1988.
Torres-Luque G, Carpio, Lara Sánchez A, Zagalaz Sánchez ML. Niveles de condición física de escolares de educación primaria en relación a su nivel de actividad física y al género. Retos. Nuevas tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación. 2014;25:17-22.
López FJ, Lara AJ, Espejo N, Cachón J. Evaluación de la fuerza explosiva de extensión de las extremidades inferiores en escolares. Apunts: Educación física y deportes. 2015;122(4):44-51. https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.cat.(2015/4).122.05
López Sánchez GF, López JN, Díaz Suárez A. Efectos de un programa de actividad física intensa en la tensión arterial y frecuencia cardiaca de adolescentes de 12-15 años. MHSalud. 2017;13(2). https://doi.org/10.15359/mhs.13-2.3
Morales-Suárez-Varela MM, Clemente-Bosch E, Llopis-González A. Relación del nivel de práctica de actividad física con marcadores de salud cardiovascular en adolescentes valencianos (España). Arch Argent Pediatr. 2013;111(5):398-404. https://doi.org/10.5546/aap.2013.398
Delgado Floody P, Martínez Salazar C, Caamaño Navarrete F, Jerez Mayorga D, Osorio Poblete A, García Pinillos F, Latorre Román P. Insatisfacción con la imagen corporal y su relación con el estado nutricional, riesgo cardiometabólico y capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en niños pertenecientes a centros educativos públicos. Nutrición Hospitalaria. 2017; 34(5):1044-1049. https://doi.org/10.20960/nh.875
Guillén García F, Ramírez Gómez M. Relación entre Autoconcepto y Condición Física en Alumnos del Tercer Ciclo de Primaria. Rev Psicol Deporte. 2011;20(1):45-59. https://doi.org/10.6018/280511
Mota J, Santos RM, Silva P, Aires L, Martins C, Vale S. Associations between self-rated health with cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity status among adolescent girls. J Phys Act Health. 2012;9(3):378-381.
Padilla-Moledo C, Castro-Pinero J, Ortega FB, Mora J, Márquez S, Sjöström M, Ruiz JR. Positive health, cardiorespiratory fitness and fatness in children and adolescents. The European Journal of Public Health. 2011;22(1):52-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckr005
García-Sánchez A, Burgueño-Menjibar R, López-Blanco D, Ortega F. Condición física, adiposidad y autoconcepto en adolescentes. Estudio piloto. Revista de Psicología del Deporte. 2013;22(2):453-461.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright and Licensing
For all articles published in Atena Journals, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work, while ensuring that the authors receive proper credit.
Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers
It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).
Permission is required for:
- Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
- Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
- Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
- Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.
Permission is not required for:
- Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
- Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
- Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission
In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Atena Journals cannot publish material from other publications without permission.
The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.